Artificial organ - Transcript from my YouTube channel

 What is actually an artificial organ we could Define it as following it's an organ that is was manufactured was made by a human to be implanted in the human body either to support or to place a natural organ and the reason the purpose of this is either to regain a function or

00:00:39 functions so the human body or the patient would have a natural and healthy life as possible as we can this is the definition of artificial organs okay so there is a lot of things we should consider when we're designing artificial organ first of all whether this or Oregan is suitable for the patient or not when we should study this from a lot of different aspects first of all decide the the the weight and the volume of the organ whether it was too big okay that of course going to have a negative effect on the patient whether

00:01:23 it was too heavy the we have to study the physical structure of the organ when it was in the form of liquid on the state of gas whatever of course okay and decide where if the device if this organ has tubes tubing and where actually those tubing are going to be the location of those tubing with comparison to the human body uh and also something very important decide the possible and acceptable amount of noise that is actually produced used by this organ so be this patient is going to use this maybe every day and all his life so he

00:02:09 should handle he should actually endure this amount of noise and also study the effect of mean mechanic of electrical and magnet of magnetic fields that was generated from this organ and how these fields are are going to interact with other electrical and mechanical and uh magnetic fields in the surrounding area okay also study the heat generated by this organ because if it actually increase the temperature of the body that of course is not a wanted thing also we have to study where possibly if

00:02:56 there's any possibility that we could implanted this device in the human body without actually going in into too complicated surgical procedures or sometimes no surgical procedures at all okay and we have to study the position of the of this organ in comparison with different situations of the human body so whether someone was walking was sleeping was sitting of course we have to study all those scenarios so and all also we have to study how this device is going to interact with the human with the with

00:03:36 the cells of the tissues itself it's going to make make a big damage to the cells or minimum damage all of that let's give I'm going to give an example here if want to design a cardio pump cardio cardiac pump is actually the fal organ that is implanted in the heart to actually help the heart to pump blood through the body so what is the things that I have to consider here what's the points that I have to consider here first of all the cardiac output of this pump should be like the normal heart between the output would be between 5 to

00:04:18 8 liter per minute and it should pumps right amount of blood in the body so the human would have a normal life something else it should actually this amount of blood should be should be differ should be different should differ according to the situation of the human if was running for example his muscles need more blood therefore the cardiac output should increase as well so we should consider that and also we have to understand how this bum is going to be implanted in the heart does that going to cause any damage to

00:05:00 the heart the heart wall the heart muscle all right and how much what is the how much would be the patient able to control the cardiac the cardiac output so in case that if the heart was not able to pump enough blood to the patient maybe the patient was going to to be to fatigued okay maybe the patient is going to lose his conscious because due to lack of blood output all right so also something we have to consider when we studying an artificial organ what is simply if the device was suitable as a material to be

00:05:49 used with the human body for example some patients are allergic to gold or to specific metal so we're going to avoid using this meth metal in this organ if we're implanted in the human body and also we have to study a lot of different things by checking if the patient was actually allergic to any type of material or anything all right we have to avoid those materials that the patient is allergic to in our organ and we have there's certain rules for example that the organ the artificial organ shouldn't cause a

00:06:34 big or significant negative effect on the physiological systems of the body okay like clotting blood clotting or actually could increase the temperature therefore it's going to damage the tissues that also we should consider as well so it actually it's acceptable if it has small very small big may be negative effect this is what we call side effect all artificial things have side effects something we can deny well we again try to minimize the side effects and the those side effects as well should be

00:07:15 acceptable and also this organ should have a minimum effect on the immune system and don't cause any damage to the tissues of different systems there's something called Al also the reliability level of reliability we can measure that there's a certain way to measure this it actually the acceptable range would be between 80 to 90% okay something else we have to study the replaceable replaceable parts of the organ because sometimes some parts of the or those of these artificial organs should be replaced for example if we're

00:07:59 talking about basemaker of the heart the battery should be should be replaced every few years or five years 10 years depends and whether this organ needs maintenance that Al also something we have to consider because sometimes It's Tricky if the the organ was implanted inside the human body and we want to replace a part of it that of course needs a surgical procedure and also we have to consider the patient's quality of life the life quality of the patient how we could do that we're going to compare the quality

00:08:41 of the patient's life this patient who went through implanting these artificial organs with other patients who who suffer with the with other patients who suffer with exact or medical problem who didn't go through implanting this device or this organ inside their body and we're going to compare the quality of life of them because sometimes this organ actually is good and doing a good function to the human body but but actually the quality of the patient's life has deteriorate and in such a manner that probably cause depression to

00:09:18 the patient for example if the device was the organ was too heavy all right is might be good and doing like in the beginning when they try to manufacture artificial hearts and we're going to we're going to talk about this God willing the machine was so big so heavy so the patient was was not even able to move it was every temperate until the patient go through heart surgery hard replacement surgery but it was so heavy it was actually the patient was not able to move uh that actually something we have

00:09:55 to consider as well and also maybe a lot of noise those mechanical vol valves of the heart they actually cause noise so we we have to consider this when we talk when we compare about different types of artificial hard valves so all of that should be considered as well now let's talk about I would like to compare make a comparison between the artificial heart and the supporting PMP the cardiac pump what's the difference between them first of all let's start with the art arcial heart it actually works as a

00:10:33 total heart so it actually has the structure of the heart there's two ventricles there's no there's two atriums so it's just like a heart okay and it actually pumps the oxygenated blood to the body and the and pumps the de oxygenated blood into the lungs just like the heart and we use it when the heart is not able to do its functions in the right way and we use it temporally this is very important temporally means means not forever until the patient would have a real heart from dead body okay the internal structure of it

00:11:19 we have internal blood pump we have a battery replaceable replaceable battery we have a replaceable battery of course we have coil for trans transferring the energy outside and inside we have a control unit a motor unit and chargeable battery probably I'm going to talk all about them when we talk about oural hearts in detail now when we talk about the supporting pumps of the heart so you could tell from the name it supports the heart but doesn't replace it it also you know pump the blood the the oxygenated blood to the

00:12:01 the body and de oxygenated blood to the lungs and we use it when we have when we have a problem with the left ventricle when the left ventricle uh doesn't have the enough power or ability to pump the blood through the body so due to hard enlargement do other medical problem so we have to make sure how we cure this we actually implanted we implant uh a supportive pump for the heart cardiac pump it actually could be us it could be used permanently and temporarily depends on the situation of the patient some

00:12:44 patient use it for for for a long life for for a life they use this supportive bump and and remember it it's it helps the heart but doesn't replace it and actually what's good about it that it bumps the blood as volumes as Strokes if we could say not continuous blood pump but actually like Strokes or volumes just like the heart just like exactly the hard the cardiac output so this is actually the main difference the main difference between the those now there's two types of valve or heard this is different thing I'm going to

00:13:35 talk about first the big lines the big lines then I'm go through the details there's two types of artificial valve of artificial heart valves first of all we have the mechanical valve all right it made of silicon made of cobal Chrome okay and uh it has some advantages actually it actually has a good structure it actually lasts for for years and years for this reason it's described for young patients okay because it actually could could stay could remain to the their entire life what's disadvantages of it

00:14:28 actually when the this valve when the mechanical valve close it close strongly so it could destroy the red blood cells their red blood cells okay and has related it actually has problems related to blood clotting something else which is it causes a drop in the in the patient's blood pressure because when it's open it caused this when it open and close when it open again it cause this drop in pressure in blood pressure and it has significantly a big amount of blood leakage because eventually what's the

00:15:12 point of a valve any valve in life to make a liquid or a gas goes in One Direction but this has this valve actually has significantly big uh leage rate could say it's also big the the size of it of big it generate cause a noise for patients so this actually could be little could be a problem there actually it has very different types of mechanical valve each one has each one has advantage and disadvantage and some of those models actually is not used anymore uh because remember it's actually an old technology it's not like

00:15:52 it's not a recent thing now there is the the biological the second types of valve which is the biological valves is either Tak from dead bodies or from animals especially cows what's disadvantages of what's the disadvantages of the biological valve first of all it's not exist in in big amounts and second of all it has a continuous deterioration rate because it's not a living cells it's actually dead cells who was went through a chemical procedure and for this reason it won't last long as long as mechanical F for

00:16:38 this reason they describe it for old people for old patient who are who are not expectedly they're not going to live that long okay because it should actually should be replaced but it it actually won't last as a mechanical valve so we use most likely a hard valve from a big and would be first installed in or actually to be installed in a frame artificial frame and replace it to the hard valve because the problems with valves actually could be their valve actually is not closing correctly or completely that actually cause a problem

00:17:27 sometimes little problem won't affect and we can't actually tell but when this problem um goes bigger and bigger the patient would notice the very side effects of this disease but in general uh there is B meter there is a b meters that we we study we when he St when talking about the the mechanical or in general the artificial valves which is first of all the how much the pressure would drop when we install or use this valve okay bigger we're got to make a compress we're got to make a YX axes between the

00:18:17 the flow rate and the drop in pressure second of all we're going to considerer also the Lage of blood this is the second thing when we study um was big or not but in general we could say that the the Lage of blood is less in the biological valve studies showed it like between 1.5 to 0.1% while in mechanical valve the percentage between 7.7 to 2% and we also study the mechanical forces of the valve on the blood cells and the plasma and everything that inside the plasma for example the sheer force the stretching just those all

00:19:09 those mechanical how much in general the rate of damage of mechanical damage that this valve is going to cause to the blood cells now let's move to another topic which is the artificial pancreas well the purpose of the artificial pancreas actually is to measure the level of Glo glucose in the human body in the blood and depends on the value of it is going to gives the right and appropriate amount of insulin into the blood to control introduce the amount of glucose to the normal range so it's just like the function of

00:19:53 the normal pancreas in the human body so what is the parts of the art icial pancreas first of all I want a system to Monitor and measure the glucose in within the human body and second I have I need a insulin pump all right to be injected to be inject to be implanted in the body usually near the pelvic area third we have chargeable battery and I have also a system to monitor the performance of the pump and I need a gloos sensor to decide the level of the glucose in the bloodstream and sends this information to the pump

00:20:51 that in its rule is going to give the right amount of insulin inside the body and I need a alarm system in case the insulin was too high or too low gives an alarm so it's actually like a feedback circuit so we have if want to imagine it as diagram as we do in engineering the input of it would be the level of glucose the output which is the right amount of insulin depends on the feedback which measures the the level of glucose in the body and I have to make a comparison comparison between would be

00:21:43 related to the acceptable and normal range of the glucose inside the blood and of course there is different type of artificial pancreas some of them actually are sensors that is implanted in the human body under the skin the sensor is an electrod it has an specific enzymes that makes specifical chemical reaction uh this reaction depends on the level of H2O2 and which has directly proportional to the amount of a glucose in the body for this reason we're going to decide we could actually measure the amounts of glucose this is

00:22:40 one of the ways uh other ways actually they use uh magnetic electromagnetic radiation within the range 600 1,300 nanometer infrared range this actually radiation would interact directly with the glucose in the blood and by this we could decide the amount of Locos that existed in the bloodstream other actually it has like a principle other way just like the dialysis way we we use actually a catheter we we implant planted Under the Skin it has actually uh this catheter in the end of it there is a liquid free

00:23:39 dial dialate and through the exchange that is going to happened between the blood and this dialate We could decide the amount of glucose that exist in the blood all those actually are ways to measure the glucose level because depends on it I'm going to give my insulin shot to the patient there's also way that depends on the pressure that caused by the Furon uh gas it's just like there's two Chambers and there's a membrane between of it and depends on the amount of insulin this membrane is going to shift to the

00:24:35 right or the left therefore in this you could say a difference in the resistance or in shifting this membrane it actually is proportional to the amount of insulin as well there's also a pump that based on the selenoid principle also based on the electromag magnetical field that is actually was induced in the coil and due to that there is a piston actually that pressed when it's pressed it's actually release amount of insulin what I want to say there is also uh a membrane that has memory this is

00:25:25 one of the ways that we use a membrane with memory and the shape of this membrane would be diff were differ depends on the amount of insuline all right so in a in a specific form or shape he would know the amount of insulin when this is going to differ it knows different there is different amount of insulin and it's and so on there is actually a lot of ways but all of them actually they rely on the same principle I want to measure the amount of insulin in the bloodstream and depends on it I'm going to push insuline I'm gonna I'm

00:26:10 sorry I'm going to measure the the glucose level in the bloodstream and depends on it I'm going to push my give my insulin shot whatever the mechanism was that I'm using we have also if we want to talk about the artificial liver artificial liver actually simply it consists of two circuits the blood circuit and the protein circuit just like the liver in a normal body it has the function of filtering the blood from some toxics that is related to proteins okay so we're gonna say prying the proteins in the blood

00:27:10 stream so in artificial liver we have the blood circuit the circuit that third I'm going to pump the blood from the patient's body to Ayer okay then we have the protein circuit that usually contain uh cells of liver of animals pigs most of the time and we're going to make this uh protein go through this proteins go through this process to purify it and this actually this mechanism could support the patient for 30 days and uh it's actually worth looking at and probably I would talk about it in a separate

00:28:03 video but uh what I want to say here that sometimes even when we were talking about the pancreas artificial pancreas sometimes they use also cells living cells of the pancreas in the process of detecting the amount of insulin inside the body so that is actually why I what I want to say here that it's actually possible that use some living cells uh to put it in artificial organ that is also something possible so thank you and I would like to thank you for listening and probably I'm going to complete in different video

00:28:49 thank you so much

00:00:00 hello and welcome everyone in this series this is the first uh video about this series which is artificial organs today I would like to talk about artificial organs first of all my name is Abdul Kad Al I'm a biomedical engineer what is actually an artificial organ we could Define it as following it's an organ that is was manufactured was made by a human to be implanted in the human body either to support or to place a natural organ and the reason the purpose of this is either to regain a function or

00:00:39 functions so the human body or the patient would have a natural and healthy life as possible as we can this is the definition of artificial organs okay so there is a lot of things we should consider when we're designing artificial organ first of all whether this or Oregan is suitable for the patient or not when we should study this from a lot of different aspects first of all decide the the the weight and the volume of the organ whether it was too big okay that of course going to have a negative effect on the patient whether

00:01:23 it was too heavy the we have to study the physical structure of the organ when it was in the form of liquid on the state of gas whatever of course okay and decide where if the device if this organ has tubes tubing and where actually those tubing are going to be the location of those tubing with comparison to the human body uh and also something very important decide the possible and acceptable amount of noise that is actually produced used by this organ so be this patient is going to use this maybe every day and all his life so he

00:02:09 should handle he should actually endure this amount of noise and also study the effect of mean mechanic of electrical and magnet of magnetic fields that was generated from this organ and how these fields are are going to interact with other electrical and mechanical and uh magnetic fields in the surrounding area okay also study the heat generated by this organ because if it actually increase the temperature of the body that of course is not a wanted thing also we have to study where possibly if

00:02:56 there's any possibility that we could implanted this device in the human body without actually going in into too complicated surgical procedures or sometimes no surgical procedures at all okay and we have to study the position of the of this organ in comparison with different situations of the human body so whether someone was walking was sleeping was sitting of course we have to study all those scenarios so and all also we have to study how this device is going to interact with the human with the with

00:03:36 the cells of the tissues itself it's going to make make a big damage to the cells or minimum damage all of that let's give I'm going to give an example here if want to design a cardio pump cardio cardiac pump is actually the fal organ that is implanted in the heart to actually help the heart to pump blood through the body so what is the things that I have to consider here what's the points that I have to consider here first of all the cardiac output of this pump should be like the normal heart between the output would be between 5 to

00:04:18 8 liter per minute and it should pumps right amount of blood in the body so the human would have a normal life something else it should actually this amount of blood should be should be differ should be different should differ according to the situation of the human if was running for example his muscles need more blood therefore the cardiac output should increase as well so we should consider that and also we have to understand how this bum is going to be implanted in the heart does that going to cause any damage to

00:05:00 the heart the heart wall the heart muscle all right and how much what is the how much would be the patient able to control the cardiac the cardiac output so in case that if the heart was not able to pump enough blood to the patient maybe the patient was going to to be to fatigued okay maybe the patient is going to lose his conscious because due to lack of blood output all right so also something we have to consider when we studying an artificial organ what is simply if the device was suitable as a material to be

00:05:49 used with the human body for example some patients are allergic to gold or to specific metal so we're going to avoid using this meth metal in this organ if we're implanted in the human body and also we have to study a lot of different things by checking if the patient was actually allergic to any type of material or anything all right we have to avoid those materials that the patient is allergic to in our organ and we have there's certain rules for example that the organ the artificial organ shouldn't cause a

00:06:34 big or significant negative effect on the physiological systems of the body okay like clotting blood clotting or actually could increase the temperature therefore it's going to damage the tissues that also we should consider as well so it actually it's acceptable if it has small very small big may be negative effect this is what we call side effect all artificial things have side effects something we can deny well we again try to minimize the side effects and the those side effects as well should be

00:07:15 acceptable and also this organ should have a minimum effect on the immune system and don't cause any damage to the tissues of different systems there's something called Al also the reliability level of reliability we can measure that there's a certain way to measure this it actually the acceptable range would be between 80 to 90% okay something else we have to study the replaceable replaceable parts of the organ because sometimes some parts of the or those of these artificial organs should be replaced for example if we're

00:07:59 talking about basemaker of the heart the battery should be should be replaced every few years or five years 10 years depends and whether this organ needs maintenance that Al also something we have to consider because sometimes It's Tricky if the the organ was implanted inside the human body and we want to replace a part of it that of course needs a surgical procedure and also we have to consider the patient's quality of life the life quality of the patient how we could do that we're going to compare the quality

00:08:41 of the patient's life this patient who went through implanting these artificial organs with other patients who who suffer with the with other patients who suffer with exact or medical problem who didn't go through implanting this device or this organ inside their body and we're going to compare the quality of life of them because sometimes this organ actually is good and doing a good function to the human body but but actually the quality of the patient's life has deteriorate and in such a manner that probably cause depression to

00:09:18 the patient for example if the device was the organ was too heavy all right is might be good and doing like in the beginning when they try to manufacture artificial hearts and we're going to we're going to talk about this God willing the machine was so big so heavy so the patient was was not even able to move it was every temperate until the patient go through heart surgery hard replacement surgery but it was so heavy it was actually the patient was not able to move uh that actually something we have

00:09:55 to consider as well and also maybe a lot of noise those mechanical vol valves of the heart they actually cause noise so we we have to consider this when we talk when we compare about different types of artificial hard valves so all of that should be considered as well now let's talk about I would like to compare make a comparison between the artificial heart and the supporting PMP the cardiac pump what's the difference between them first of all let's start with the art arcial heart it actually works as a

00:10:33 total heart so it actually has the structure of the heart there's two ventricles there's no there's two atriums so it's just like a heart okay and it actually pumps the oxygenated blood to the body and the and pumps the de oxygenated blood into the lungs just like the heart and we use it when the heart is not able to do its functions in the right way and we use it temporally this is very important temporally means means not forever until the patient would have a real heart from dead body okay the internal structure of it

00:11:19 we have internal blood pump we have a battery replaceable replaceable battery we have a replaceable battery of course we have coil for trans transferring the energy outside and inside we have a control unit a motor unit and chargeable battery probably I'm going to talk all about them when we talk about oural hearts in detail now when we talk about the supporting pumps of the heart so you could tell from the name it supports the heart but doesn't replace it it also you know pump the blood the the oxygenated blood to the

00:12:01 the body and de oxygenated blood to the lungs and we use it when we have when we have a problem with the left ventricle when the left ventricle uh doesn't have the enough power or ability to pump the blood through the body so due to hard enlargement do other medical problem so we have to make sure how we cure this we actually implanted we implant uh a supportive pump for the heart cardiac pump it actually could be us it could be used permanently and temporarily depends on the situation of the patient some

00:12:44 patient use it for for for a long life for for a life they use this supportive bump and and remember it it's it helps the heart but doesn't replace it and actually what's good about it that it bumps the blood as volumes as Strokes if we could say not continuous blood pump but actually like Strokes or volumes just like the heart just like exactly the hard the cardiac output so this is actually the main difference the main difference between the those now there's two types of valve or heard this is different thing I'm going to

00:13:35 talk about first the big lines the big lines then I'm go through the details there's two types of artificial valve of artificial heart valves first of all we have the mechanical valve all right it made of silicon made of cobal Chrome okay and uh it has some advantages actually it actually has a good structure it actually lasts for for years and years for this reason it's described for young patients okay because it actually could could stay could remain to the their entire life what's disadvantages of it

00:14:28 actually when the this valve when the mechanical valve close it close strongly so it could destroy the red blood cells their red blood cells okay and has related it actually has problems related to blood clotting something else which is it causes a drop in the in the patient's blood pressure because when it's open it caused this when it open and close when it open again it cause this drop in pressure in blood pressure and it has significantly a big amount of blood leakage because eventually what's the

00:15:12 point of a valve any valve in life to make a liquid or a gas goes in One Direction but this has this valve actually has significantly big uh leage rate could say it's also big the the size of it of big it generate cause a noise for patients so this actually could be little could be a problem there actually it has very different types of mechanical valve each one has each one has advantage and disadvantage and some of those models actually is not used anymore uh because remember it's actually an old technology it's not like

00:15:52 it's not a recent thing now there is the the biological the second types of valve which is the biological valves is either Tak from dead bodies or from animals especially cows what's disadvantages of what's the disadvantages of the biological valve first of all it's not exist in in big amounts and second of all it has a continuous deterioration rate because it's not a living cells it's actually dead cells who was went through a chemical procedure and for this reason it won't last long as long as mechanical F for

00:16:38 this reason they describe it for old people for old patient who are who are not expectedly they're not going to live that long okay because it should actually should be replaced but it it actually won't last as a mechanical valve so we use most likely a hard valve from a big and would be first installed in or actually to be installed in a frame artificial frame and replace it to the hard valve because the problems with valves actually could be their valve actually is not closing correctly or completely that actually cause a problem

00:17:27 sometimes little problem won't affect and we can't actually tell but when this problem um goes bigger and bigger the patient would notice the very side effects of this disease but in general uh there is B meter there is a b meters that we we study we when he St when talking about the the mechanical or in general the artificial valves which is first of all the how much the pressure would drop when we install or use this valve okay bigger we're got to make a compress we're got to make a YX axes between the

00:18:17 the flow rate and the drop in pressure second of all we're going to considerer also the Lage of blood this is the second thing when we study um was big or not but in general we could say that the the Lage of blood is less in the biological valve studies showed it like between 1.5 to 0.1% while in mechanical valve the percentage between 7.7 to 2% and we also study the mechanical forces of the valve on the blood cells and the plasma and everything that inside the plasma for example the sheer force the stretching just those all

00:19:09 those mechanical how much in general the rate of damage of mechanical damage that this valve is going to cause to the blood cells now let's move to another topic which is the artificial pancreas well the purpose of the artificial pancreas actually is to measure the level of Glo glucose in the human body in the blood and depends on the value of it is going to gives the right and appropriate amount of insulin into the blood to control introduce the amount of glucose to the normal range so it's just like the function of

00:19:53 the normal pancreas in the human body so what is the parts of the art icial pancreas first of all I want a system to Monitor and measure the glucose in within the human body and second I have I need a insulin pump all right to be injected to be inject to be implanted in the body usually near the pelvic area third we have chargeable battery and I have also a system to monitor the performance of the pump and I need a gloos sensor to decide the level of the glucose in the bloodstream and sends this information to the pump

00:20:51 that in its rule is going to give the right amount of insulin inside the body and I need a alarm system in case the insulin was too high or too low gives an alarm so it's actually like a feedback circuit so we have if want to imagine it as diagram as we do in engineering the input of it would be the level of glucose the output which is the right amount of insulin depends on the feedback which measures the the level of glucose in the body and I have to make a comparison comparison between would be

00:21:43 related to the acceptable and normal range of the glucose inside the blood and of course there is different type of artificial pancreas some of them actually are sensors that is implanted in the human body under the skin the sensor is an electrod it has an specific enzymes that makes specifical chemical reaction uh this reaction depends on the level of H2O2 and which has directly proportional to the amount of a glucose in the body for this reason we're going to decide we could actually measure the amounts of glucose this is

00:22:40 one of the ways uh other ways actually they use uh magnetic electromagnetic radiation within the range 600 1,300 nanometer infrared range this actually radiation would interact directly with the glucose in the blood and by this we could decide the amount of Locos that existed in the bloodstream other actually it has like a principle other way just like the dialysis way we we use actually a catheter we we implant planted Under the Skin it has actually uh this catheter in the end of it there is a liquid free

00:23:39 dial dialate and through the exchange that is going to happened between the blood and this dialate We could decide the amount of glucose that exist in the blood all those actually are ways to measure the glucose level because depends on it I'm going to give my insulin shot to the patient there's also way that depends on the pressure that caused by the Furon uh gas it's just like there's two Chambers and there's a membrane between of it and depends on the amount of insulin this membrane is going to shift to the

00:24:35 right or the left therefore in this you could say a difference in the resistance or in shifting this membrane it actually is proportional to the amount of insulin as well there's also a pump that based on the selenoid principle also based on the electromag magnetical field that is actually was induced in the coil and due to that there is a piston actually that pressed when it's pressed it's actually release amount of insulin what I want to say there is also uh a membrane that has memory this is

00:25:25 one of the ways that we use a membrane with memory and the shape of this membrane would be diff were differ depends on the amount of insuline all right so in a in a specific form or shape he would know the amount of insulin when this is going to differ it knows different there is different amount of insulin and it's and so on there is actually a lot of ways but all of them actually they rely on the same principle I want to measure the amount of insulin in the bloodstream and depends on it I'm going to push insuline I'm gonna I'm

00:26:10 sorry I'm going to measure the the glucose level in the bloodstream and depends on it I'm going to push my give my insulin shot whatever the mechanism was that I'm using we have also if we want to talk about the artificial liver artificial liver actually simply it consists of two circuits the blood circuit and the protein circuit just like the liver in a normal body it has the function of filtering the blood from some toxics that is related to proteins okay so we're gonna say prying the proteins in the blood

00:27:10 stream so in artificial liver we have the blood circuit the circuit that third I'm going to pump the blood from the patient's body to Ayer okay then we have the protein circuit that usually contain uh cells of liver of animals pigs most of the time and we're going to make this uh protein go through this proteins go through this process to purify it and this actually this mechanism could support the patient for 30 days and uh it's actually worth looking at and probably I would talk about it in a separate

00:28:03 video but uh what I want to say here that sometimes even when we were talking about the pancreas artificial pancreas sometimes they use also cells living cells of the pancreas in the process of detecting the amount of insulin inside the body so that is actually why I what I want to say here that it's actually possible that use some living cells uh to put it in artificial organ that is also something possible so thank you and I would like to thank you for listening and probably I'm going to complete in different video

00:28:49 thank you so much